Conservative Alternatives to the Republican Party

Image Of Women And Body Image By Nasa Begum - 1274 Words

In Western culture, a woman’s body has always been closely examined, as there is the ideology that a woman’s beauty and worthiness is rooted from her physical appearance. Therefore, societal ideas of what is acceptable for a woman’s body are thrown around in discussion, often perpetuating the idea that a woman’s body should be slim, have a small waist, big breasts, wide hips, and clear skin. What comes across very blatant with these ideas is that ultimately, the acceptable body for a woman is an abled-body, excluding women with physical disabilities as a whole. Due to societies harmful ideas on women’s bodies, as well as the idea that the perfect body is a â€Å"normal† or abled-body, women with physical disabilities find themselves struggling†¦show more content†¦This stigma also includes notions that physical disabilities should be â€Å"hidden or presented as something to be avoided, corrected and pitied†, according to scho lars George Taleporos and Marita McCabe. These stigmas are incredibly damaging to women with physical disabilities and works in the favor of women who are able-bodied, thus granting them more acceptance, praise and representation of their bodies in most aspects of everyday life. Society’s notion of body image negatively impacts the lives of women with physical disabilities, damaging their self-esteem. According to Nasa Begum, these societal ideals influenced on women with physical disabilities to express, â€Å"â€Å"I had this image of myself as a big blob, no shape just dead meat.† (Carrillo, et al.,1982: 26)† (76). Begum also notes another woman with physical disabilities saying, â€Å"†I try hard to accept my body and improve on it but it’s a losing battle. I’m bombarded with pictures of beautiful bodies and I just cannot compete, so I try to hide my flaws. (Morris, 1989: 61)†Ã¢â‚¬  (76). Unfortunately, because of society’s body image for women, along with the stigma that the bodies with disabilities are unacceptable, these women have a hard time finding confidence in themselves. The images of the ideal beautiful bodies seen all over from all forms of media are internalized by these women and they have even more of a difficult time being comfortable in their own skin (Begum 76).Show MoreRelatedOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pageswww.pearsoned.co.uk/mcauley . Preface Introduction Over the past hundred years or so, Organization Theory has developed into a distinctive social science discipline. It is a body of thinking and writing that describes, explains and influences what goes on in organizations. It provides an underpinning body of knowledge that enables us to explore and develop management and leadership theory. In recent decades Organization Theory has become increasingly diverse in terms of the perspectivesRead MoreTop 1 Cause for Project Failure65023 Words   |  261 Pages I can cite an extreme example of a project failure: There were seven state funded Research Bodies all running their own individual payroll, procurement, pensions HR functions. A decision was made to combine these functions into a shared service (SSC). A company was created that would eventually take delivery of and manage this combined service. The Research bodies were very reluctant to comply with a one size fits all arrangement. (There were research functions

Financial Markets Assignment Free Essays

FINANCIAL MARKETS INSTITUTIONS ASSIGNMENT 1. Explain how interest rates decline following major Fed purchases of mortgage-backed securities. The FED implements quantitative easing by buying financial assets of longer maturity, e. We will write a custom essay sample on Financial Markets Assignment or any similar topic only for you Order Now g. , mortgage-backed securities, from commercial banks and other private institutions in order to inject a pre-determined quantity of money into the economy. This is a means of stimulating the economy and lowering longer-term interest rates further out on the yield curve; quantitative easing increases the excess reserves of the banks, and raises the prices of the financial assets bought, which lowers their yield. Graphically, this can be explained with the aid of Figure below. The supply of money is shifted from point 1 to the right (MS1 to MS2) and, all else equal, the new equilibrium point (with aggregate money demand curve) is at point 2, where the interest rate is lower. i i1 i2 AD1 MS1 MS2 Quantity of Money 2. What could be the implications of lower interest rates for households and businesses? By implanting the policy of purchasing mortgage-backed securities, the FED has set its sight on increasing consumption and investment, which will ultimately increase employment. As described in question one Bernanke’s policy decreased interest rates to new record lows, encouraging borrowing for both businesses and households. The ability to borrow money at more attractive rates stimulates investment in durable consumer goods, such as automobiles, and in operational necessities such as buildings and capital equipment for businesses. Indeed, after the implementation of the policy mortgage applications increased significantly. Because of low interest rates households and businesses as investors could shift their preference away from bonds and into stocks. According to frbsf. org, the increase in stock trading volume has the effect of raising the value of existing stock portfolios, which in turn stimulates consumer and spending across the country due to the psychological effects of rapid capital appreciation. Lower interest rates can have negative effects on the value of the local currency compared to other currencies. As foreign investors dump their local-denominated investments in favor of more profitable currencies, exchange rates can shift to the detriment of the local currency. The weakening of the local currency serves to increase the attractiveness of local goods to foreign purchasers, which has the effect of boosting exports and international sales. All of the factors mentioned above have the combined effect of increasing productive output, or GDP, and increasing employment across a wide range of industries. As individuals, businesses and foreign investors are encouraged to spend more due to increased access to capital, higher portfolio valuations and weaker currency values, businesses in nearly every sector experience an increase in sales, often requiring them to grow their operations and employ additional labor. However, there are some negative implications from this policy. Without a strong commitment to control inflation over the long run, the risk of higher inflation is one potential implication of experiencing real interest rates below the economy’s natural interest rate. Low interest rates provide a powerful incentive to spend rather than save. In the short term, this may not matter much, but over a longer period, low interest rates penalize savers and those who rely heavily on interest income. If short-term interest rates are low relatively to long-term rates, households and firms may overinvest in long-term assets, such as Treasury securities. If interest rates rise unexpectedly, the value of those assets will fall (bond prices and yields move in opposite directions), exposing investors to substantial losses. Finally, low short-term interest rates reduce the profitability of money market funds, which are key providers of short-term credit for many (large) firms, e. g. the commercial paper market. 3. Explain the Fed’s policy dilemma and try to rationalize why unemployment in the US is stubbornly high while inflation is low. Based on the theory of the Philip’s curve diagram we notice that there is an inverse relationship between inflation and unemployment. Stated simply the lower the unemployment in an economy the higher the rate of inflation. Philip’s Curve Inflation Unemployment The explanation of the inverse relationship between inflation and unemployment is based on two assumptions. The first has to do with the fact that as unemployment rises there is no room for workers and labor unions to demand an increase so a wage inflation that would increase the prices of the final products cannot occur. Secondly high unemployment is a reflection of the decline in economic output and indicates an economy’s slowdown. Therefore competition among firms in recession will lead the prices at lower levels. But this is not the case currently in the US since we observe high unemployment and low inflation. The FED is concerned about the unemployment rate and in an effort to stimulate the economy and improve the labor market conditions it started implementing the quantitative easing policy. So the FED purchased MBS, helped banks to rebuilt their balance sheets, contributed into maintaining price stability, preserved interest rates near zero for more than three years, and prevented the economy from slipping into greater recession. Despite all these efforts the situation in the labor market did not improve. Apparently the fact that unemployment is still very high depicts the limitations of the monetary policy. The low business confidence, policy uncertainty, and the government’s reluctance to act are beyond the FED’s capacity. What is more the infinite use of the quantitative easing may produce undesirable effects in the long run such as stagflation. The only optimal solution under these circumstances is the co ordination of the FED’s monetary policy with the government’s fiscal policy plan that could boost the society’s confidence. . Do you think that another round of quantitative easing (QE) by the Fed would help stimulate the US economy? Please explain. The FED declared that the use of QE will be aggressively continued until the economy is improved. The cash injections into the economy helped interest rates to remain at low levels. Consequently everyone wins from this decision in the short run; homeowners can borrow at historical low levels of inter est rate, corporations can also take advantage of this act and invest, consumption increased and also the banks increased their profits and the stocks record a growth. So as long as the QE is active in the short run everyone is a winner. But in the long run things become vague. First of all historical evidence shows that despite the fact that interest rates may be at levels near zero it remains uncertain whether this will be the incentive to boost the actual economy. Secondly the fact that consumers will have more money to spend but fewer goods to buy might lead to a hyper inflation. Furthermore by repeating the use of QE is very possible to lead to a liquidity trap, unless the economy finds ways to stimulate production. Last but not least the FED’s decision to inject cash into the economy by purchasing MBS is questionable; Mortgage backed securities entail the risk of defaulting once again as they did in the real estate crisis and that would cost the Americans a lot more money repeating the history that started back in the September of 2001. To sum up the use of QE is indeed very effective but only in the short run. Short periods of economic recession can be avoided by stimulating the economy temporarily through cash injections but to maintain growth on the real economy we need to improve labor market conditions, productivity, innovation and bolster the economy’s confidence. So a combination of fiscal and monetary policy is the only way to prevent an economy from collapsing, and also is this is the only way to avoid a possible systemic risk that will negatively affect all the institutions and individuals. . How is a loose Fed monetary policy in the US affecting fundamentals (such as inflation, asset and commodity prices) in other countries? What does that imply about global monetary policy? Since the dollar is the vehicle currency in the global economy almost every country is tied to its value and everyone is affected by the monetary decisions of the FED. By the QE, the supply of dollars is increased and consequently the dollar depreciates against foreign currencies. This means that America’s exports will increase and on the contrary the imports will decrease. So countries trading with the US fear about the capital inflows and the possible inflation on commodities. On the other hand the FED support that there can be no further inflation since the global economy is in recession. Moreover countries experiencing huge capital inflows resulting in inflation can implement fiscal policy, such as imposing taxes, in order to contain the effects of foreign capital inflows which push up local stock prices and the currency itself. Every country should focus on its own monetary policy adjusting it to the problems that may experience. For example the US chose to inject more money in the economy. The results of such a decision are low interest rates, more exports but always with the risk of inflation. On the other hand a country experiencing high inflation might limit the money supply, increasing the interest rates with the risk of experiencing a decline in exports. How to cite Financial Markets Assignment, Essay examples

Taxation Public Economics Legislation

Question: Discuss about the Taxation for Public Economics Legislation . Answer: Current Position of Juliette As per the case study that has been provided, it can be said that Juliette had already made an agreement with a theatre company of America. The motive of Juliette behind making this particular contract with the specified theatre company of America was to give her service for two years in Australia, commencing from March 15th in the year 2015 till March 15th in the year 2017. It has been found that Juliette had visited the country Australia for the very first time on 1st of February in the year 2015 with a plan to stare about the nation and also to go for a trip by bus for two months. Nevertheless, as per the case study, Juliette had a plan to go again to England on February 28th in the year 2015. However, it has been found that Juliette again came back to the particular country on May 1st in the year 2015. It has been noted that the intention of Juliette was to settle for long two years in Australia according to the contract. Thus, Juliette took lease and also bought furniture with the aim to lead her regular livelihood. In the month of August in the year 2015, Juliette bought a house for the purpose of living in Australia and she was married to a male resident of Australia on 1st of September in the year 2015. Moreover, Juliette returned to England on 15th October in the year 2015 and again come back to Australia on April 15th in the year 2016 with the aim to live in Australia for her life time. Juliette had received expenses from the company semi yearly that started from 15th of July in the year 2015. The Residential Test It has been found that under the section of Taxation Ruling TR 98/ 17: Income Tax: The residency category of an individual who are the non-residents of Australia and who also enters Australia, have to wear out the ensuing mentioned residential examinations for the purpose of taxation (Laidlaw et al., 2014). The residential tests for the purpose of taxation are as follows: 183 Day Examination The Reside Test The Superannuation Test The Domicile Test ("Work out your tax residency | Australian Taxation Office", 2016). The Residential Category of Juliette for the year 2014-2015 In order to get the residential position of Juliette on behalf of the year 2014-2015, some actions of Juliette have been scrutinized below under the already highlighted residential examinations. The results of the residential tests are as follows: The Domicile Test By operation of law, Juliette was not attached to Australia (Trakman, 2015). By choice, Juliette did not tend to stay or live in the particular country in the specified period of time ("Residency - the domicile test | Australian Taxation Office", 2016). Lastly, by birth, Juliette was a British. The Reside Test It has been found that during the time period of duty year 2014-2015, Juliette intended to roam round the country Australia. The mother of Juliette, who was the closest member of her family, stayed in England, in addition to this she does not has any tie-up regarding family in Australia (Barkoczy, 2016). During the vacation in the fiscal duration 2014-2015, Juliette does not has any type of tie-up regarding business, as the agreement of Juliette was about to begin from 15th of March in the year 2015 ("Residency - the resides test | Australian Taxation Office", 2016). It has been found that Juliette does not have a fixed place for staying in Australia in this particular period. As Juliette was travelling to various places within the particular nation, she does not follow any particular daily routine life at this time period. 183 Days Test Juliette was a real resident of England. It has been found that Juliette has lived in the country for only 28 days in this particular period of time ("Residency - the 183 day test | Australian Taxation Office", 2016). Superannuation Test It has been found that the employers of Juliette were American. Thus, it can be said that Juliette was not under the scheme of superannuation. In addition to this, Juliette did not receive any payment from the specified country at this specified period of time (Butler, 2013). Therefore, it can be said from the outcome of the highlighted examinations that Juliette might not be measured as a resident of Australia for the particular fiscal time period 2014-2015. The Residential Category of Juliette designed for the year 2015-2016 The residential tests have been conducted once more in order to identify the residential position of Juliette in favor of the fiscal time period 2015-2016. The effects of the residential tests are as follows: The Domicile Test By operation law, Juliette got married to a male resident of Australia (Woellner et al., 2016). By choice, Juliette tends to live in Australia for life long By birth, Juliette is an individual from Britain. The Reside Test It has been found that during the time period of 2014-2015, Juliette intended to live in the country for long two years primarily and after the wedding of Juliette, she planned to live in Australia forever. The mother of Juliette, who was the closest member of her family passed away in the particular time period. Thus, the husband became the closest member of her family after her mothers death and her husband is a male resident of Australia (by birth Australian) and also lives in Australia (Auerbach et al., 2013). During the vacation in the fiscal time period 2014-2015, Juliette had a tie-up regarding business in Australia. In addition to these, Juliette took a house for staying in Australia for two years. She took the house in lease and afterward, she bought a house for staying in Australia permanently. During the stay of Juliette in Australia during the taxation period 2015-2016, she maintained a scheduled living. 183 Days Test Juliette is an actual resident of England, however, in this particular year; she purchased a house in Australia with the aim to stay in Australia forever (Long, Campbell Kelshaw, 2016). The calculation of total numbers of days when Juliette resided in Australia are as follows: Period No. of Days in Australia No. of Days in England July 1st 2015 - October 15th October 2015 107 0 October 16th 20'15 April 14th 2016 0 181 April 15th 2016 - June 30th 2016 76 0 TOTAL No. of DAYS 183 181 Superannuation Test It has been found that the employers of Juliette were American, thus, she was not considered under the scheme of superannuation. It has been noted that it was not mentioned that if Juliette and husband were component of scheme of superannuation or not (Ingles Stewart, 2015). Therefore, it can be said that Juliette had passed most of the examinations except the test of superannuation. Thus, as per the section 6, subsection (1) of ITA (Income Tax Assessment Act) of the year 1936, Juliette can be accepted as a resident of Australia for the purpose of taxation in the time period 2015-2016 (Tanzi, 2014). 2 (a) Taxpayee : Mr.George Statement of Taxable Income from Rental Property:- For the period ending on 30th June,2016 Particulars Amount Amount Assessable Income: Property rent 13900 Total Income from Rental Property 13900 Deductible Expenses: Agent Commission 695 Maintenance and Repairs 6000 Front Fence Repainting 2500 Fixing of front door 1000 Deduction of Capital Work : Replacement of Damaged Roofs 15000 Rate of Deduction 2.5% p.a. Capital Work Deduction 219 Assets Depreciation 1019 Total Expenses of Deduction 11433 Net Income from Rental Property 2467 Workings Calculation of Depreciation:- Items Cost Effective Life Depreciation Rate p.a. Useful Days Depreciation Hot Water Service 2000 12 100% 365 167 Carpets 3500 10 100% 365 350 Existing Furniture Fittings 5000 13.33 100% 365 375 New Furniture Fittings 1200 13.33 100% 213 53 Stove 900 12 100% 365 75 Total Depreciation 1019 2 (b) The proceeds derived from rent for George intended for the purpose of taxation is mainly calculated on the basis of subsequent assumptions along with the rules of taxation: As per the case study, George is considered as a resident of Australia for the purpose of taxation in the fiscal time period 2015-2016. It has been found that George had innate property. It has also been found that following inheriting it, he utilized the same property for producing income over two years ("Inheriting a dwelling | Australian Taxation Office", 2016). Thus, George was not able to claim any exemption on the rental earnings. The rental earnings are developed from that property, which is located in the country Australia ("Investment income | Australian Taxation Office", 2016). Thus, it might be counted as the fully taxable earnings. The agent commission is rewarded for developing the rental earnings from the particular property. Thus, as per Section 8.1 of ITAA for the year 1997, this might be measured as a deductable amount or expense from the proceeds derived from rent ("Rental property expenses | Australian Taxation Office", 2016). The common repairs are supposed to be ended for tear and wear and further compensations. It have been occurred for renting out the specified property ("Rental properties - claiming repairs and maintenance expenses | Australian Taxation Office", 2016). The upholding has been prepared to maintain the particular assets in a situation of providing rent. Based on these assumptions, the general expenses of maintenance and repairs are considered as a deductable expense. It has been found that replacement of the broken roof is a considerable development of the said property. Thus, it ought to be counted as the capital expenditure. Therefore, for this expense, it has been found that 2.5 % of whole amount of expenditure has been involved in the deductable expenses ("Rental properties - claiming capital works deductions | Australian Taxation Office", 2016). Thus, George is able to enjoy such deductions for upcoming 40 years according to the Section 40, under sub-section (I) of ITAA for the year 1997. As per Section 26 of ITAA 1997, the procurement of new fittings and furniture are not considered as the repair and maintenance expenses. The new fittings and furniture are counted as property, whereas, George is allowed to reduce the total amount of depreciation on these possessions from the proceeds derived from rent in the present year (Creedy Gemmell, 2015). Additionally, the repairing of fences and the fixing of broken doors are the expenditures that are occurred with the aim to keep the assets in a condition of providing rent and therefore, it is treated as a deductible expenditure according to the Section 40 (G) of ITAA of the year 1997. It has been presumed that all the properties rather than the new fittings and furniture are bought after or on July 1st in the year 2004. Thus, as George trails the method of prime-cost for the depreciation, the total possessions are deflated at 100 % ("Rental property expenses | Australian Taxation Office", 2016). This also involves the new possessions according to the Section 40 (B) of ITAA of the year 1997. Therefore, after the calculation of the total proceeds derived from rent of an amount of $13900. On the other hand, the total deductable amount of $11433 according to the mentioned assumptions along with the rules of taxation, the net measurable earnings of George for the fiscal time period is equivalent to an amount of $2467. References Auerbach, A. J., Chetty, R., Feldstein, M., Saez, E. (Eds.). (2013).Handbook of public economics(Vol. 5). Newnes. Barkoczy, S. (2016). Core tax legislation and study guide.OUP Catalogue. Butler, D. (2013). Superanuation: Excess contributions tax.Taxation in Australia,47(7), 450. Creedy, J., Gemmell, N. (2015). TAXATION AND THE USER COST OF CAPITAL.Journal of Economic Surveys. Ingles, D., Stewart, M. (2015). Superannuation tax concessions and the age pension: a principled approach to savings taxation.Tax and Transfer Policy Institute-Working Paper,7. Inheriting a dwelling | Australian Taxation Office. (2016).Ato.gov.au. Retrieved 11 August 2016, from https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Capital-gains-tax/In-detail/Gifts,-inheritances-and-deceased-estates/Inheriting-a-dwelling/ Investment income | Australian Taxation Office. (2016).Ato.gov.au. Retrieved 11 August 2016, from https://www.ato.gov.au/individuals/income-and-deductions/income-you-must-declare/investment-income/#Rent1 Laidlaw, M. A. S., Zahran, S., Pingitore, N., Clague, J., Devlin, G., Taylor, M. P. (2014). Identification of lead sources in residential environments: Sydney Australia.Environmental Pollution,184, 238-246. Long, B., Campbell, J., Kelshaw, C. (2016). The justice lens on taxation policy in Australia.St Mark's Review, (235), 94. Rental properties - claiming capital works deductions | Australian Taxation Office. (2016).Ato.gov.au. Retrieved 11 August 2016, from https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Property/In-detail/Rental-properties/Rental-properties---claiming-capital-works-deductions/ Rental properties - claiming repairs and maintenance expenses | Australian Taxation Office. (2016).Ato.gov.au. Retrieved 11 August 2016, from https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Property/In-detail/Rental-properties/Rental-properties---claiming-repairs-and-maintenance-expenses/ Rental property expenses | Australian Taxation Office. (2016).Ato.gov.au. Retrieved 11 August 2016, from https://www.ato.gov.au/individuals/income-and-deductions/in-detail/investments,-including-rental-properties/rental-property-expenses/ Rental property expenses | Australian Taxation Office. (2016).Ato.gov.au. Retrieved 11 August 2016, from https://www.ato.gov.au/individuals/income-and-deductions/in-detail/investments,-including-rental-properties/rental-property-expenses/?page=3#Deduction_for_decline_in_value_of_depreciating_assets Residency - the 183 day test | Australian Taxation Office. (2016).Ato.gov.au. Retrieved 11 August 2016, from https://www.ato.gov.au/Individuals/International-tax-for-individuals/In-detail/Residency/Residency---the-183-day-test/ Residency - the domicile test | Australian Taxation Office. (2016).Ato.gov.au. Retrieved 11 August 2016, from https://www.ato.gov.au/Individuals/International-tax-for-individuals/In-detail/Residency/Residency---the-domicile-test/ Residency - the resides test | Australian Taxation Office. (2016).Ato.gov.au. Retrieved 11 August 2016, from https://www.ato.gov.au/individuals/international-tax-for-individuals/in-detail/residency/residency---the-resides-test/ Tanzi, V. (2014). Inflation, indexation and interest income taxation.PSL Quarterly Review,29(116). Trakman, L. (2015). Domicile of choice in English law: an Achilles heel?.Journal of Private International Law,11(2), 317-343. Woellner, R., Barkoczy, S., Murphy, S., Evans, C., Pinto, D. (2016).Australian Taxation Law 2016. Oxford University Press. Work out your tax residency | Australian Taxation Office. (2016).Ato.gov.au. Retrieved 11 August 2016, from https://www.ato.gov.au/Individuals/International-tax-for-individuals/Work-out-your-tax-residency/#ExampleAustralianResident